Chloroplast Immunity Service

Chloroplast immunity is an emerging field. Chloroplasts not only play key roles in aerobic photosynthesis and primary metabolism, but also coordinate plant defense responses. As an innovator in the field of chloroplast engineering, Lifeasible is committed to researching chloroplasts in the process of plant innate immunity and providing customized chloroplast immunity service. Our team has developed various methods and tools to assist your innovative discoveries in chloroplast immunity.

Introduction

For a long time, research on chloroplasts has mainly focused on its involvement in photosynthesis and primary metabolism. However, increasing evidence suggests that chloroplasts, as direct or indirect targets of various pathogens to inhibit plant immunity, are widely involved in regulating plant immune responses. Calcium-sensing receptors (CAS) and Thylakoid Formation 1 (Thf1) on chloroplast thylakoid membranes are important chloroplast immune proteins. However, it has also become a direct target for pathogens to inhibit plant immunity. The effector proteins secreted by some pathogens directly act on these two proteins, thereby blocking the downstream immune response. Chloroplast-derived fatty acid and lipid molecules and their intermediates are also widely involved in plant immunity. In addition, the accumulation of chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS) products also stimulates early chloroplast immune responses. Therefore, researchers are very interested in exploring the role of chloroplasts in the process of plant innate immunity.

Fig. 1. Schematic summary of immune responses impacting the chloroplast. (Xuan M, et al., 2021)

Our Services

Some proteins from plant viruses and pathogenic bacteria can imitate the behavior of plant immune proteins and impair the communication between the chloroplast and the nucleus to inhibit plant defense. Our services provide new information on the role of chloroplasts in immune responses, including involvement in pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), triggered immunity (PTI), and effector-triggered immunity. Our chloroplast immunity service focuses on research in the following areas:

• The role of salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in plant immunity.
• The role of chloroplast reactive oxygen species (cROS) in immunity and destruction of chloroplast components.
• Chloroplast heterogeneity.
• Chlorophyll repositioning.
• Chloroplast linker function.
• Chloroplast reverse signal transduction.
• Signal communication between the chloroplast and other organelles.
• Direct targeting of chloroplasts by pathogenic bacteria (bacteria, fungi, viruses) impairs plant immunity.

Advantages of Our Service

• Comprehensive and customized chloroplast immunization service.
• Chloroplast targets of effectors can be identified and their interactions characterized.
• Learning how pathogens evolved to target chloroplast immunity.
• Contributing to basic understanding of chloroplast biology
• Helping to develop crops with higher pathogen resistance based on chloroplasts.

Lifeasible provides you with professionally and economically oriented chloroplast engineering service projects. Each project will be individually designed to meet our customers’ requirements and described in a detailed project report. Our customers have direct access to our experts and provide immediate feedback on any online inquiries. If you are interested in our services, please do not hesitate to contact us.

References

1. Kachroo P, Burch-Smith T M, Grant M. An emerging role for chloroplasts in disease and defense[J]. Annual review of phytopathology, 2021, 59: 423-445.
2. Serrano I, Audran C, Rivas S. Chloroplasts at work during plant innate immunity[J]. Journal of experimental botany, 2016, 67(13): 3845-3854.