Analysis of Chloroplast Digalactosyldiacylglycerols Biosynthesis

Lifeasible is committed to the development and research of chloroplast engineering. With years of experience in chloroplast lipidomics, we are able to provide analysis of chloroplast digalactosyldiacylglycerols biosynthesis services with a broad understanding of how galactolipids properly import proteins into chloroplasts, and their role in chloroplast membrane biogenesis and photosynthesis, with precision satisfy customer requirements.

Introduction

Chloroplasts, as the place where most biological processes occur in plants, contain important metabolic pathways in plants. Digalactoyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) is a unique galactolipid in chloroplasts, which together with monogalactoyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) accounts for 80% of total chloroplast lipids. DGDG is synthesized from UDP-galactose and MGDG by DGDG synthase in the plastid envelope. Among them, digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase 1 (DGD1) is a chloroplast outer membrane protein responsible for the biosynthesis of lipid digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) from monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG), It is also the focus of current research. By isolating the cDNAs encoding MGDG and DGDG synthases, scientists have taken a critical step toward understanding galactolipid lipid biosynthesis and function.

Fig. 1. Galactolipids monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) regulate systemic acquired resistance (SAR). (Gao Q, et al., 2014)

Customized Services

MGDG serves as a substrate and is converted to DGDG by the action of DGDG synthase. In Arabidopsis, DGD synthase is encoded by two genes, DGD1 and DGD2. A mutant with a null mutation in the DGD1 gene was found to be the predominant functional isoform. DGD2 is mainly involved in DGDG biosynthesis under phosphate-limiting conditions and is responsible for the synthesis of residual DGDG in DGD1 mutants. Lifeasible is committed to the analysis of chloroplast digalactosyldiacylglycerols biosynthesis, isolated and analyzed double knockout mutants of DGD1 and DGD2, and conducted a comprehensive analysis of the role of DGD1 targeting and localization in the chloroplast to help you understand how galactolipids properly import proteins into the chloroplast, and their role in chloroplast membrane biogenesis and photosynthesis.

We can not only analyze whether the activity of DGD1 depends on protein-protein interactions with plant MGDG synthase, but also whether the extreme N-terminus of DGD1 is critical for enzymatic activity. Our bisgalactoyldiacylglycerol biosynthesis service flow is as follows:

(1) Arabidopsis plants with DGD1 mutants were grown.
(2) The cDNA of the DGD1 mutant was isolated for PCR amplification of various parts of the coding region, and the fragments were transformed into E. coli for protein expression and antibody production.
(3) Lipidomic analysis of mutants.
(4) Measurement of chlorophyll and photosynthesis.

Applications

• Provide supporting information for studying the role of DGDG in photosynthesis and in the process of phosphorus deficiency in the plastid membrane and plastid outer membrane.
• A customized protocol was used to isolate the cDNA of DGD1 mutants for PCR amplification.
• Enables identification and analysis of MGDG and DGDG synthase genes.
• Characterizing the pathways and regulators involved in galactose lipid homeostasis in plant membranes under normal growth and stress conditions.

Lifeasible is committed to developing a variety of cutting-edge technologies to help customers analyze the role of chloroplast lipids in chloroplast biosynthesis and photosynthetic function. We are proud to regulate plant growth and development, as well as control their pests, through chloroplast protein modifications. If you are interested in our services, please do not hesitate to contact us for more information.

References

1. Froehlich J E, Benning C, Dormann P. (2001) The digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) synthase DGD1 is inserted into the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts in a manner independent of the general import pathway and does not depend on direct interaction with monogalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase for DGDG biosynthesis[J]. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276(34): 31806-31812.
2. Gao Q, Yu K, Xia Y, et al. (2014) Mono-and digalactosyldiacylglycerol lipids function nonredundantly to regulate systemic acquired resistance in plants[J]. Cell reports. 9(5): 1681-1691.